The Manhattan Project - 1519 Words

The process of building the two atomic bombs was long and hard. The Manhattan project employed 120,000 people, and cost almost $2 billion. Although there were 120,000 Americans working on the project only a select group of scientist knew of the atomic bomb development. Vice president Truman never knew about the development of the bombs until he became president. The axis powers did not know what was going on with the development of the atomic bomb; there was a soviet spy in the project. The soviet spy was Klaus Fuchs, and he had become one of the few people who knew of the bombs. In the summer of 1945 Robert Oppenheimer was prepared to test the first atomic bomb. Which was July 16, 1945 the bomb was tested. The bomb was tested at the†¦show more content†¦The bomb exploded with the power of 22,000 tons of TNT and 70,000 people died in 1945 from the bomb. The first bomb in Hiroshima killed 140,000 people by the end of 1945. The explosion its self killed 80,000 people instantly. The other major toll the bomb took on the city was the fact that it had killed 60,000 people in the next five years due to sickness from radiation from the bomb. The second bomb Fat Man killed 70,000 people by the end of 1945. Fat man killed 39,000 people instantly but left 25,000 people injured from the blast. If people who had cancer from the radiation that adds close to another 100,000 people who died from the second bombs. In the next five years 140,000 people died from sickness due to the bomb. In total in the five years after the bombs exploded 210,000 people died from effects from the bomb. Dropping the atomic bombs was not any easy choice. There were many people involved in the decision, however the president, Truman was completely responsible for the dropping of the bombs. Truman was the only person who could give the ‘ok’ for dropping the bombs. The president did have a council of war advisers who could help him look at the cost and benefits of the bomb, the cost, and time it would take to get ready for use. By the time Truman took over his presidency the bombs had been undergoing a lot of progress. Truman was never told about the bombs being built for use until he took over as president. The dropping ofShow MoreRelatedThe Manhattan Project1114 Words   |  5 PagesThe Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was to see if making an atomic bomb possible. The success of this project would forever change the world forever making it known that something this powerful can be manmade. The Manhattan Project’s success was something that had an impact on everybody involved since they helped create something with so much destructive power it could destroy a city within seconds. The University of Chicago in Illinois had a huge role with the making of the atomic bombRead MoreThe Manhattan Project568 Words   |  2 Pagesneutral so it sent suicide bombers to attack our naval base in Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Thus leading into the use of the atomic bomb, but first the construction, an event referred to as the Manhattan Project. The name Manhattan Project came about because the program began under the Manhattan Engineering District of the War Department. Early 1939, the scientist of the world learned that German scientist had discovered a way to spit a uranium atom, created a bomb that was capable of the destructionRead MoreOutline Of The Manhattan Project1621 Words   |  7 Pages The Manhattan Project Jervontae Young Mr.Davis English III 16 october 2017  Outline Thesis Statement: The Manhattan Project was the American program for researching and developing the first atomic bombs because of the project it cost a lot of people their lives. Introduction Which President form the Atomic Bomb in why? The agencies leading up to the Manhattan Project were first formed in 1939 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt U.S. intelligence operatives reported that scientists workingRead MoreThe Manhattan Project : The York Project2877 Words   |  12 PagesHonors - Period 3 30 November 2014 The Manhattan Project Everyone has secrets, even the U.S. Government. The Manhattan project was one of the many secrets the Government kept from the United States until after the damage was done. What was the Manhattan Project? The manhattan project was a multi-billion dollar enterprise, 2.2 billion to be exact, that provided U.S. Military forces with the single most destructive weapon known to man; the atomic bomb. The project was to be a kept at high secrecy fromRead MoreEssay on Manhattan Project1664 Words   |  7 Pagesamp;quot;The Manhattan Projectamp;quot;. On Monday July 16th, 1945, a countdown for the detonation of the first atomic bomb took place near Los Alamos, New Mexico. This atomic bomb testing would forever change the meaning of war. As the atomic bomb was detonated it sent shock-waves all over the world. There was endless research done on the bomb in the United States. The research was called amp;quot;The Manhattan Engineer District Projectamp;quot; but it was more commonly known as qu ot;The Manhattan ProjectRead MoreThe Manhattan Project Essay545 Words   |  3 PagesThe Manhattan Project was a very important event throughout the World War II history. It began the development of the atomic bomb and other nuclear weapons that were of good help during the war. It first began with a German scientist separating the uranium atom, which made people be scared of what Hitler might be capable of. Also Hitler and his people had begun discovering new types of weapons that were useful for them in the war. Something that apparently Hitler did not quite think about, was theRead MoreThe Manhattan Project Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesThe world was shocked when the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan in 1945. The bombs were a result of years of research and testing completed by the nation’s top physicists in a top-secret project called the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was a crucial development by the United States because it quickly ended the war with Japan. In August 1939, Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard drafted the Einstein-Szilard letter to send to President Roosevelt. The letter outlined the needRead More The Manhattan Project Essay941 Words   |  4 PagesThe Atomic Bomb The research for the first Atomic bomb took place in the United States, by a group of nuclear engineers; the name of this research was called, â€Å"The Manhattan Project†. On July 16, 1945, the detonation of the first atomic bomb was tested near Los Alamos, New Mexico. As the atomic bomb was detonated, it sent shock-waves across the globe, which demonstrated that nuclear power would forever change the meaning of war. To create a nuclear bomb, nuclear fission must occur. The processRead More The Manhattan Project Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesThe Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was the code name of the America’s attempt to construct an atomic bomb during World War II. It was named after the Manhattan Engineer District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, because a lot of it’s earlier research was done in New York City. An atomic bomb is a weapon that uses the energy from a nuclear reaction called Fission for its destruction. The idea that mass could be changed into energy was predicted by Albert Einstein in the earlierRead MoreEssay on The Manhattan Project1934 Words   |  8 Pages Before the Manhattan Project, in the beginning there were many advancements in understanding made in the world of physics. These resulted in the recognition of nuclear fission and its potential as an energy source and as a potential weapon. Of these advancements none was more central and important than the development of the nuclear model of the atom, which by the year of 1932 contained a nucleus containing most of the mass of an atom in the form of two particles, protons and neutrons. This nucleus

Internal And External Factors Affecting International...

1.1 Research background Globalization is a process that eliminates the barriers between different countries and increases level of interaction between them and international business is considered as one of the mechanisms used in trade globalization. A lot of challenges and opportunities for international business arises and need to be studied in addition to strategies used to seize these opportunities and to overcome the potential barriers. 1.2 Research objective The objective of this research is to study all the internal and external factors affecting the international business environment and the trade barriers that constrain the global trade expansion. The research will demonstrate the different entry modes showing the advantage and disadvantage of each of them and present the method of selection for the adequate entry mode. 1.3 Research justification The research will study if there is a direct relation between existing trade barriers and the selection of entry mode. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction â€Å"Over the past three decades a fundamental shift has been occurring in the world economy. We have been moving away from a world in which national economies were relatively self-contained entities, isolated from each other by barriers to cross-border trade and investment; by distance, time zones, and language; and by national differences in government regulation, culture, and business systems. And we are moving towardShow MoreRelatedStrategic Management Plan Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pagesplants from pests and weeds. The company plays a vital role in strengthening the U.S agricultural marketability domestically and internationally. As a result, it contributes to the preservation and conservation of the global environment. The company needs spread its business activities in order to create a compelling image for its products and improve its performance. Following this the company requires to come up with a strategic management plan for helping it reach its goal. The plan forms abroadRead MoreUnderstanding The Behaviour Of Organisation2137 Words   |  9 Pagesin their environment Business organisations do operate in the environment that has a strong influence on the way business operate and conduct their business transactions. The environment that business organisations face is both internal and external and both needs strategy and policy to dealt with. Thus, business organisation must find a way to deal with it. External environment is the macro environment that business organisations interact with daily bases. To operate successful business must beRead MoreAnalysis of the External Environment of Business 11419 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of the External Environment of Business In todays highly competitive market, businesses must be aware of the environment in which they operate and the external factors that influence them. These factors can affect the main internal factors of the business and its objectives or marketing strategies. The external environment is rarely stable and many of the external forces can change quickly and dramatically and are usually beyond a firms control. Although some external factors can poseRead MoreSwot for Top Glove935 Words   |  4 Pagessituations in business and organization. SWOT analysis can be classified into internal and external factors affecting a company. The Strengths and Weaknesses of the SWOT analysis represent the internal factors that influence the viability of the company. While the Opportunities and Threats, on the other hand, are the external factors that may affect the companys performances. A SWOT analysis provides more understanding of the organization in relation to its internal and external environment so that managerRead MoreThe Global Factors Influencing on Business Strategy3430 Words   |  14 PagesLiterature review 5 4. Research metrology 6 5. Strategy 7 5-1 - Export Markets 8 5-2 - International Markets 8 5-3 - International Competitiveness 9 5-4 - International trade 9 5-5 -Trade blocs 10 5-6- International strategy 10 5-6-1 Mergers and acquisitions 11 5-6-2 AllianceRead MoreLimitations for Sme Internationalisation5917 Words   |  24 Pages SME internationalization 6 Barriers 8 Internal barriers 11 External barriers 17 Conclusions 20 List of literature 22 Literature review The first article I used was SMEs Barriers Towards Internationalization and Assistance Requirements in the UK† published in Journal of Small business and Entrepreneurship. Existing studies have identified a number of barriers, both perceived and actual, that affect firms’ internationalization. Arguably, these factors have primarily been identifiedRead MoreFunctional Approach to Internal Analysis14942 Words   |  60 PagesFUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO INTERNAL ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION The purpose of the internal analysis is to evaluate how the company is doing, so that its efforts can be directed in the most effective and efficient way. It s a Decision making approach in which a problem is broken down into its component functions (accounting, marketing, manufacturing, etc.). These functions are further divided into sub-functions and sub-sub functions ... until the function level suitable for solving the problem is reachedRead MoreStarbucks and Analysis of International Market Accessing1828 Words   |  8 PagesInternational Market Selection – Starbucks goes global International Strategic Marketing Conducted by Che Thanh Quang L0228NDND0211 Date 2 – Jan - 2013 1. Introduction 2. rESEARCH AND AND ARCKNOWLEDGE FOR sTARBUCKS IN THE iNTERATIONAL MARKETS Internal factors in Foreign market selection * Personnel * Management * Customers * Capital requirements * Time and research external factors in foreign market selection * Market potential Read MoreWhy Do Firms Differ? What Determines The International Success Or Failure Of Firms?1123 Words   |  5 PagesFor a business to enter a foreign market, it must research carefully what will be the determinant factors for its success. The ‘strategy tripod’ framework is a tool used in business strategy that can help managers make better, more informed decisions. The strategy tripod consists of three different philosophies that provides us with the answers to the 3 questions a firm must take into account for optimal performance, ‘industry-based view’, ‘resource-based view’ and ‘institution-based view’, and theyRead MoreA1 MP Nguyen Thu Trang 1013103410 Words   |  14 Pagesmarketing audits 3 1. Appraise the processes and technique used for auditing the marketing environment 3 2. Apply organizational and environmental auditing techniques in Kinh Do 4 Task 2: The potential barriers to Kinh Do’s marketing planning and some solution to overcome these barriers 8 1. Identify the main barriers to marketing planning in the company 8 2. Suggest some solutions for Kinh Do to overcome these barriers to marketing planning: 9 CONCLUSION 10 APPENDIX 11 REFERENCES 13 INTRODUCTION

Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council. Answer: Introduction The Sector that is assigned for doing the project is Water, Sanitation and waste management. An analysis shows that the 40% of the population in this world do not have sufficient facilities of sanitation. Because of these poor sanitation facilities, it is found that the 7 Lakh child deaths occur in a year due to diarrhoea. It is very significant to create a highly hygienic environment. The toilets, wastewater management systems and sewers that are utilized in the well improved world needs large amount of land, water, energy and high finance for building, maintaining and operating it. The current systems for water, sanitation are very less expensive and so they do not kill insects or pathogens that cause diseases. A company related to this sector has to be chosen and analysis has to be performed on any one of the aspects of the project management like Project Planning, Risk Management and Project Duration Reduction. In the above specified aspect, project planning is the aspect that ha s been chosen for this project and the company called Water Supply Sanitation Collaborative Council is chosen for this project. Water Supply Sanitation Collaboration Council (WSSCC) is considered to be the heart of the global movement for developing the sanitation and the hygiene for every people. It is situated in the Geneva which is a place in the Switzerland. It is a United Nations membership organization. They use the Global Sanitation Fund (GSF) for implementing the sanitation and good hygiene. The Aspect of the project management that is used in this project is the Project Planning. Project planning strategy that is followed in the WSSCC is taken for analysis. The findings, conclusions and the recommendations for the findings are being addressed in this project. The project planning is a procedural step involved in the project management in which required document is created for ensuring the project completion in a successful way. This project plan explains the execution, cont rolling and monitoring processes in detail. This procedural step includes 4 steps like setting goals for the project, finding the deliverables of the project, Project schedule creation and the supporting plan creation. Project planning is the process that gets completed only if the project is completed. The complexity of the project is used to determine the length of the stage of the project planning. The project planning that is performed in the Water Supply Sanitation Collaboration Council is analysed in detail. The findings from the analysis is taken and justified. The recommendations to overcome the findings of the planning strategy in WSSCC. Analysis is the process that makes a detailed investigation on a particular thing, process or an entity. When analysis is performed, it determines some findings and recommendations. In this part of the project, we are going to analyse the Project Planning aspect of project management that is applied in Water Supply Sanitation Collaborative Council. This part defines the project planning in detail and then how the project planning is applied in the chosen company is also analysed. Project Planning Project Planning is considered as the significant process of the project life cycle. The project planning is the phase when the project plans are documented, the requirements and the deliverables of the project are defined and the schedule of the project is created. The plans that are created during this planning phase will be useful for managing the time, quality, risk, changes, cost and the related issues (Techopedia.com, 2017). This is considered to be the most challenging task in the project's life cycle. The Project planning is done for the following reasons, To define the business requirements. To determine the cost, deliverable list, dates of the deliverable and the schedule of the project. To establish the resource plans. To get the approval from the management and to go to next phase of the project life cycle (Marsh, 2011). The steps that are involved in the project planning are as follows Focus on goals Deliverables of the project Schedule of the project Supporting plans of the project The goals are the mission that is to be achieved during the project life cycle. The requirements that are specified by the stake holders must be met. There should not be any deviation from the requirements of the user. Working on the requirements of the project and focusing on those to complete a project is very important (Project Smart, 2017). Deliverables of the Project After the completion of the project, the final product of the project gets ready. The final product that is ready to deliver to the user is called the deliverable of the project. In each and every project, it is very important to define the main deliverable of the project. The main deliverable is then divided into sub deliverables. The sub deliverables are further divided into lowest sub deliverables of the project (Project Smart, 2017). The schedule of the Project is nothing but the allocating duration for each processes that are involved in the project. The schedule involves the starting and ending time of each process in the project. There is a schedule called milestone schedule which includes the start date and end date of the each and every process of the project (Amohamed, 2015). Human Resource Plan is used to allot roles and responsibilities for each and every person involved in the project (Amohamed, 2015). The document is created which tells that who all are having to be informed about the project. The progress of the project in terms of the weekly or monthly status report. The reports have to be submitted to the respective persons involved in the project. It is very important to guess the risks involved in the project and the risks that can arise in future should also be determined in prior. The risk mitigation plans are to be executed if the risk arises in the middle of the project life cycle (Amohamed, 2015). WSSCC deliverables are providing the clean environment and sanitation to the women and girls. WSSCC makes many policies to achieve sanitation and hygiene for all, especially for women and the matured girls in their life span. Their main aim to focus on the menstrual hygiene management and make them to have right to sanitation, hygiene and pure drinking water. WSSCC plans to give facilities for the development of the platforms to focus at local as well as national level. They want to deliver a sanitation and clean environment to the adolescent boys, girls, elder persons, disabled persons or to the persons who are excluded socially. Extra household approaches like WASH in schools, in health care facilities and in public spaces. WSCC makes project schedules to provide a sanitation and the pure drinking water to the poor persons (Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) External Review 2005-2010, 2011). Schedule of the Project The WSSCC has different projects. Project Schedule gets varied for every project. The tenure and schedule of the project gets varied according to the deliverable and the requirements of the project. They can Schedule their projects according to the fund. The GSF is the fund allocated to the organization for the execution of their projects. GSF is known as the Global Sanitation Fund which is issued in global level for the projects that are managed in the Water Supply Collaboration Council. They operate at worldwide level and so they employ more number of persons for their projects. The Schedule of the projects can be extended if the funding is low. The pictorial representation for the project implementation is represented below. The Schedules gets changed according to the provided GSF (Global Sanitation Fund (GSF): Mid Term Evaluation, 2015). They have 2 models in their implementation. Model 1 is an unimproved one which is used to achieve the improved sanitation works and toilet const ructions. In the model 2, they do the marketing for sanitation to create awareness among the people. In the first model they do only triggering and hygiene messaging. In the second model, the first step that the organization does is the marketing about the sanitation. Then they do raise the access for finance and then the next step is the creation of demands. The last step that is involved in the second model is the hygiene messaging. Thus they divide their schedules into 2 for model 1 and the schedule is divided into 4 process in the model 2. But the outcomes after executing the two models are same (Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) External Review 2005-2010, 2011). Supporting plans of the project includes 3 types of plan as explained above in the project planning section. The three different types of plans that are involved in the supporting plans of the project are Human Resource Plan, Communication Plan and Risk Management Plan (Global Sanitation Fund (GSF): Mid Term Evaluation, 2015). In the human resource plan, they must be sure that how many persons are required for completing their goal in water supply and providing sanitation to the people all over the world. The Organization needs many labours in different designations for achieving their mission in water supply and in sanitation. Communication Plan is having the communication with other organizations which have a tie-up with WSSCC for executing their projects. They need to communicate with their financial institutions who funds for their projects. They have to produce reports regarding their status of the projects like weekly and monthly reports about their progress (Global Sanitation Fund (GSF): Mid Term Evaluation, 2015). Risk Management Plan is liable to all types of projects. But considering this type of water supply and sanitation works, the risks are very liable. The risks that can be found are the sanitary workers can get affected because of their work they do daily. The purification of drinking water is an important project in this organization. Some amount of chemicals or additives has to be added for the purification of water. If there is any variation in the amount of additives added to the water, then it may cause serious damage to the health who drink that water. Findings and Recommendations The WSSCC main mission is to promote sanitation and hygiene among women and adolescent girls, particularly the menstrual hygiene management (WSSCC, 2017). Global Sanitation Fund (GSF) of the Water Supply Sanitation Collaboration Council is only active in 13 coutries (WSSCC, 2017). To increase the usage of soaps for washing hands from 6.7% (WSSCC, 2017). The institutions of the Government and the multi-Stakeholders that are in relation with sanitation and hygiene are more sustainable than 6 years ago (Openaid.se, 2017). The Secretariat needs to keep a healthy relationship in the national level (Openaid.se, 2017). Recommendations The programmes and some demonstration sessions should be conducted at local or national level for the menstrual hygiene management of women and adolescent girls. Measures have to be taken for providing GSF to all over the world in all other countries. The Organization has to create awareness among the people to make use of soaps to wash hands for sanitation purpose. The Organization has to put effort on making still more sustainable. The focus should not be only on local level, so the national level programmes should be conducted to make hygienic people all over the nation. Conclusion The organization called Water Supply Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) is taken for the analysis. In this project, I have chosen this sector because this is the significant sector which is making many infections or diseases to the public. This Sector is very important in the life. Water supply and sanitation makes major differences in life. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, one in three of the population of the world that is 2.3 billion people do not have toilet facilities and 844 million people around the world do not have clean drinking water. The WHO says that 2,89,000 children below 5 years of age die because of the diarrhoea disease due to unclean water and poor sanitation and therefore 800 children per day die or one child for every 2 minutes die due to diarrhoea. The Organization that are under this sector have to use the Risk Management Strategies more effectively to avoid the above mentioned worst situations in the world. The Risk Managemen t plan will include Risk mitigation, Risk avoidance, and Risk Transfer. The effective aspect of project management that can be adopted in the water supply and sanitation companies is the Risk Management Plan. The Project Planning may also give benefits to the organizations of Water Supply and sanitation sector. This may be beneficial for the public to get pure drinking water and high sanitation all over the world. Limitations in the Project Planning strategy is that, it does not concentrate more on the supporting plans as they has only less priority whereas the risk management plans can have less limitations if it is applied. The analysis is performed on the Water Supply Sanitation Collaborative Council and the project planning strategy of that organization is explained in detail. The findings and recommendations from the findings of the WSSCC are discussed. References Abrha, F. (2017). Minimizing Death of Children (Under the Age of Seven) Due to Lack of Sanitation Lachi District, Mekelle City.Journal of Civil Legal Sciences, 06(01). Amohamed, A. (2015). Project Planning as Initial Step for Successful Project.Lecture Notes on Software Engineering, 3(3), pp.234-237. Bill Melinda Gates Foundation. (2017).Water, Sanitation Hygiene. [online] Available at: https://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. Cairncross, S. and Petach, H. (2013). The risk of unimproved water and sanitation and the global burden of disease.Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 3(4), p.479. Cotton, A. (2013). Reporting aid flows for water supply and sanitation: official development assistance.Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 3(3), p.441. Cotton, A., Adams, J. and Shaw, D. (2012). Improvingwater supply and sanitation programme effectiveness: lessons from WaterAid's outcome evaluation studies.Water and Environment Journal, 27(1), pp.1-9. Davis, J., White, G., Damodaron, S. and Thorsten, R. (2008). Improving access to water supply and sanitation in urban India: microfinance for water and sanitation infrastructure development.Water Science Technology, 58(4), p.887. Environmental-expert.com. (2017).Water Sanitation Companies and Suppliers (Waste Management) | Waste and Recycling - Environmental XPRT. [online] Available at: https://www.environmental-expert.com/waste-recycling/waste-management/companies/keyword-water-sanitation-43588 [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. Global Sanitation Fund (GSF): Mid Term Evaluation. (2015). . Gorre-Dale, E. (1991). The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council.Waterlines, 10(2), pp.20-20. Iakovleva, A. (2014). Methodological Aspects of Project Techniques Selection for Innovation Project Management.SSRN Electronic Journal. Marsh, D. (2011). Pragmatic project management: Five scalable steps to success.Project Management Journal, 42(1), pp.93-93. Openaid.se. (2017).Openaid.se. [online] Available at: https://openaid.se/activity/SE-0-SE-6-5404002101-GGG-14030 [Accessed 26 Sep. 2017]. Opentextbc.ca. (2017).8. Overview of Project Planning | Project Management. [online] Available at: https://opentextbc.ca/projectmanagement/chapter/chapter-8-overview-of-project-planning-project-management/ [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. Project Smart. (2017).Project Planning a Step by Step Guide. [online] Available at: https://www.projectsmart.co.uk/project-planning-step-by-step.php [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. Solid Waste Management in the World's Cities Water and Sanitation in the World's Cities 201020103Solid Waste Management in the World's Cities Water and Sanitation in the World's Cities 2010. London: Earthscan March 2010. 256 pp., ISBN: 9781849711708 90.00. (2010).Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 21(6), pp.869-869. Sridharan, S. and Nakaima, A. (2011). Ten steps to making evaluation matter.Evaluation and Program Planning, 34(2), pp.135-146. STRATEGIC PLAN 2017-2020. (2016). . Techopedia.com. (2017).What is Project Planning? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/14005/project-planning [Accessed 25 Sep. 2017]. Wateraid.org. (2017).Statistics - WaterAid. [online] Available at: https://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/the-crisis/statistics [Accessed 26 Sep. 2017]. Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) External Review 2005-2010. (2011). . WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION COLLABORATIVE COUNCIL Management Response to the Mid-Term Review of WSSCCs Medium-Term Strategic Plan 2012-2016. (2016). . Webster, I. (2010). VOLUME 1: THE COMMISSION'S MAJOR FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.Community Health Studies, 10(4), pp.393-396. World Health Organization. (2017).Sanitation. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs392/en/ [Accessed 26 Sep. 2017]. WSSCC. (2017).Leave No One Behind: Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly and Disabled People, and Sanitation Workers - WSSCC. [online] Available at: https://wsscc.org/resources-feed/leave-no-one-behind-voices-of-women-adolescent-girls-elderly-persons-with-disabilities-and-sanitation-workforce/ [Accessed 26 Sep. 2017]. WSSCC. (2017).WSSCC achievements in 2016: paving the way for sanitation for all - WSSCC. [online] Available at: https://wsscc.org/2017/01/24/wsscc-achievements-2016-paving-way-sanitation/ [Accessed 26 Sep. 2017]. WSSCC. (2017).WSSCC External Review 2005-2010 - Final Report - WSSCC. [online] Available at: https://wsscc.org/resources-feed/wsscc-external-review-2005-2010-final-report/ [Accessed 26 Sep. 2017]. Zhang, Y., Huang, G. and He, L. (2014). A multi-echelon supply chain model for municipal solid waste management system.Waste Management, 34(2), pp.553-561.

Students in Colonial Times vs. Todays Students

The purpose of education in historical and contemporary times is threefold. One, an educated citizenry is important for democratic processes. Secondly, it enables assimilation into the American culture, and thirdly, it allows the establishment of a stable workforce that acts as the backbone of the economy.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Students in Colonial Times vs. Today’s Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other than the films that give us a glimpse of how things were, empirical research that looks into ancient history in relation to education is limited. Historical influences on higher education institutions are felt to date. Pursuing education in college was a rare phenomenon prior to colonial times. Harvard, started in 1636, was the first American college to train the sons of the colonialists to prepare them for ministerial, legislative and public office positions. Students who felt that t hey were not up for taking high public offices, went to practical schools or apprenticeships (Duniway para 1). Nowadays, there are different groups of students from different ethnicities and races, and they are all taught together. In addition, there is much investment into the education system in comparison with colonial times. However historical influence on modern higher education institution is evident because the attainment of college/university education credentials by students in the United States is still low (Hunt Jr. para 5-6). In Texas, the situation is aggravated; hence, the reason for studying this state. One major change in the education system has been the integration of students from different cultural and ethnic background into one class. However, there seems to be a gap in the identification of student needs based on race, and this justifies the disparities in education attainment. Unlike in the modern times when tertiary education is emphasized, students pursued e ducation based on their capabilities.Advertising Looking for proposal on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This study will target Texas State with a bias towards Houston because it is the city with the largest population. Currently, pursuance of education at tertiary institutions mainly depends on one’s financial backgrounds. Despite the investment put in to encourage school attendance after secondary level, poor students continue to miss out. In the contemporary knowledge-based economy, educated individuals at higher levels are paramount. In comparison with historical America, most children learned how to read and write at home because the woman stayed back in the house to take care of her husband and children. As a result, home education was common. However, this is different because industrialization has led to raised standards of living. Subsequently, the woman has to work, and the child mainly learns how t o read and write at school (Peterson para 15). In addition, education in colonial America helped students to gain the basic skills required to get along in society. In my current study that is likely to have confounding factors associated with historical and cultural influence on higher education institutions, I will engage the target population in focus discussion groups and seminars. These workshop seminars and focus discussion groups will trigger the appreciation of different cultures. While coding student characteristics, the engagement of the subjects in FGDs will help to understand the characteristics of students in relation to the different cultures but which fall within a particular trait. Higher education is considered the engine of the economy and democracy. The American system has been molded to encourage students to pursue their education after 8th grade, 12th grade or high school diploma. Despite the friendly circumstances, attainment of education credentials at tertiar y level is low.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Students in Colonial Times vs. Today’s Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Houston and Texas, the situation is worse compared to the nation. Poor completion rates have remained constant, and there is need to establish the factors associated with such stagnation. Hence, the purpose of this study that aims to look at student characteristics as potential factors. Works Cited Duniway, Bob. A Brief History of Higher Education in America. Winning the College Game, 2008. Web. Hunt Jr., James. Educational Leadership for the 21st Century. The National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, 2006. Web. Peterson, Robert. Education in Colonial America. Foundation for Economic Education, 1983. Web. 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Humanity Bloomed During the Renaissance

Humanity Bloomed During the Renaissance The Renaissance, a movement that  stressed the ideas of the classical world, ended the medieval era  and heralded the start of Europes modern age. Between the 14th and 17th centuries, art and science flourished as empires expanded and cultures mixed as never before. Although historians still debate some  causes of the Renaissance, they agree on a few basic points. AHunger for Discovery The courts and monasteries of Europe had long been repositories of manuscripts and texts, but a change in how scholars viewed them sparked a massive reappraisal of classical works in the Renaissance. Fourteenth-century writer Petrarch typified this, writing about his lust for discovering texts that  had previously been ignored. As literacy spread and a middle class emerged, seeking out, reading, and spreading classical texts became commonplace. New libraries developed to facilitate access to old books. Ideas once forgotten were now reawakened, as was interest in their authors. Reintroduction of Classical Works During the Dark Ages, many classical European texts were lost or destroyed. Those that survived were hidden in churches and monasteries of the Byzantine Empire or in capitals of the Middle East. During the Renaissance, many of these texts were slowly reintroduced into Europe by merchants and scholars. In 1396 an official academic post for teaching Greek was created in Florence. The man hired, Manuel Chrysoloras, brought with him a copy of Ptolemy’s Geography from the East. A huge number of Greek texts and scholars arrived in Europe with the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The Printing Press The invention of the printing press  in 1440 was the game-changer. Finally, books could be mass produced for far less money and time than by the old handwritten methods. Ideas could be spread through libraries, booksellers, and schools in a way that wasnt possible before. The printed page was more legible than the elaborate script of books written longhand. Printing became a viable industry, creating new jobs and innovations. The spread of books also encouraged the study of literature itself, allowing new ideas to spread as cities and nations began establishing universities and other schools. Humanism Emerges Renaissance humanism  was a new manner of thinking and approaching the world. It has been called the earliest expression of the Renaissance and is described as both a product and a cause of the movement. Humanist thinkers challenged the mindset of the previously dominant school of scholarly thought, Scholasticism, as well as the Catholic Church, allowing the new thinking to develop. Art and Politics The new artists needed wealthy patrons to support them, and Renaissance Italy was especially fertile ground. Political changes in the ruling class shortly before this period had led to the rulers of most major city-states being â€Å"new men† without much political history. They attempted to legitimize themselves with conspicuous investment in and public flaunting of art and architecture. As the Renaissance spread, church and European rulers used their wealth to adopt the new styles to keep pace. The demand from the  elites wasn’t just artistic; they also relied upon ideas developed for their political models. The Prince, Machiavelli’s  guide for rulers, is a work of Renaissance political theory. The developing bureaucracies of Italy and the rest of Europe generated new  demand for highly educated humanists to fill the ranks of governments and bureaucracies. A new political and economic class emerged.   Death and Life In the middle of the 14th  century, the Black Death swept Europe, killing perhaps a third of the population. While devastating, the plague left survivors better off financially and socially, with the same wealth spread among fewer people. This was especially true in Italy, where social mobility was much greater. This new  wealth often was spent lavishly on arts, culture, and artisanal goods.  The merchant classes of regional powers such as Italy  saw a great increase in wealth from their roles in trade. This growing mercantile class sparked a financial industry to manage their wealth, generating additional economic and social growth. War and Peace Periods of peace and war have been credited with allowing the Renaissance to spread. The end of the Hundred Years War between England and France in 1453 allowed Renaissance ideas to penetrate these nations as resources once consumed by war were funneled into the arts and sciences. By contrast, the Great Italian Wars of the early 16th century allowed Renaissance ideas to spread to France as its armies invaded Italy repeatedly over 50 years.

Essential Facts About Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones

Essential Facts About Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones During hurricane season, you may hear the terms hurricane, typhoon, and cyclone used often, but what does each mean? While all three of these terms have to do with tropical cyclones, they are not the same thing. Which one you use depends on which part of the world the tropical cyclone is in. Hurricanes Mature tropical cyclones  with winds of 74 mph or more that exist anywhere in the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, or in the eastern or central North Pacific Ocean east of the International Date Line are called hurricanes.    As long as a hurricane stays within any of the above-mentioned waters, even if it crosses from one basin to a neighboring basin (i.e., from the Atlantic to the Eastern Pacific), it will still be called a hurricane. A notable example of this is Hurricane Flossie (2007).  Hurricane Ioke (2006) is an example of a tropical cyclone that  did  change titles. It strengthened into a hurricane just south of Honolulu, Hawaii. 6 days later, it crossed the International Date Line into the Western Pacific basin, becoming Typhoon Ioke.  Learn more about  why we name hurricanes. The  National Hurricane Center  (NHC) monitors and issues forecasts for hurricanes occurring in these regions. The NHC classifies any hurricane with wind speeds of at least 111 mph as a major hurricane.    Category Name Sustained Winds (1-minute) Category 1 74-95 mph Category 2 96-110 mph Category 3 (major) 111-129 mph Category 4 (major) 130-156 mph Category 5 (major) 157+ mph The NHC Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale Typhoons Typhoons are mature tropical cyclones that form in the Northwest Pacific basin - the  western part of the North Pacific Ocean, between 180 °Ã‚  (the International Date Line)  and 100 ° East longitude. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) is in charge of monitoring typhoons and issuing typhoon forecasts. Similarly to the National Hurricane Centers major hurricanes, the JMA classifies strong typhoons with winds of at least 92 mph as severe typhoons, and those with winds of at least 120 mph as super typhoons.   Category Name Sustained Winds (10-minute) Typhoon 73-91 mph Very Strong Typhoon 98-120 mph Violent Typhoon 121+ mph The JMA Typhoon Intensity Scale Cyclones Mature tropical cyclones within the North  Indian Ocean  between 100 ° E and 45 ° E are called cyclones. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) monitors cyclones and classifies them according to the below intensity scale: Category Sustained Winds (3-minute) Cyclonic Storm 39-54 mph Severe Cyclonic Storm 55-72 mph Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 73-102 mph Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm 103-137 mph Super Cyclonic Storm 138+ mph IMD TC Intensity Scale To make matters  more  confusing, we sometimes refer to hurricanes in the Atlantic as cyclones too - thats because, in a broad sense of the word, they are. In weather, any storm that has a closed circular and counterclockwise motion can be called a cyclone. By this definition, hurricanes, mesocyclone thunderstorms, tornadoes, and even extratropical cyclones (weather fronts) are all technically cyclones!

Essential Facts About Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones

Essential Facts About Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones During hurricane season, you may hear the terms hurricane, typhoon, and cyclone used often, but what does each mean? While all three of these terms have to do with tropical cyclones, they are not the same thing. Which one you use depends on which part of the world the tropical cyclone is in. Hurricanes Mature tropical cyclones  with winds of 74 mph or more that exist anywhere in the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, or in the eastern or central North Pacific Ocean east of the International Date Line are called hurricanes.    As long as a hurricane stays within any of the above-mentioned waters, even if it crosses from one basin to a neighboring basin (i.e., from the Atlantic to the Eastern Pacific), it will still be called a hurricane. A notable example of this is Hurricane Flossie (2007).  Hurricane Ioke (2006) is an example of a tropical cyclone that  did  change titles. It strengthened into a hurricane just south of Honolulu, Hawaii. 6 days later, it crossed the International Date Line into the Western Pacific basin, becoming Typhoon Ioke.  Learn more about  why we name hurricanes. The  National Hurricane Center  (NHC) monitors and issues forecasts for hurricanes occurring in these regions. The NHC classifies any hurricane with wind speeds of at least 111 mph as a major hurricane.    Category Name Sustained Winds (1-minute) Category 1 74-95 mph Category 2 96-110 mph Category 3 (major) 111-129 mph Category 4 (major) 130-156 mph Category 5 (major) 157+ mph The NHC Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale Typhoons Typhoons are mature tropical cyclones that form in the Northwest Pacific basin - the  western part of the North Pacific Ocean, between 180 °Ã‚  (the International Date Line)  and 100 ° East longitude. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) is in charge of monitoring typhoons and issuing typhoon forecasts. Similarly to the National Hurricane Centers major hurricanes, the JMA classifies strong typhoons with winds of at least 92 mph as severe typhoons, and those with winds of at least 120 mph as super typhoons.   Category Name Sustained Winds (10-minute) Typhoon 73-91 mph Very Strong Typhoon 98-120 mph Violent Typhoon 121+ mph The JMA Typhoon Intensity Scale Cyclones Mature tropical cyclones within the North  Indian Ocean  between 100 ° E and 45 ° E are called cyclones. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) monitors cyclones and classifies them according to the below intensity scale: Category Sustained Winds (3-minute) Cyclonic Storm 39-54 mph Severe Cyclonic Storm 55-72 mph Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 73-102 mph Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm 103-137 mph Super Cyclonic Storm 138+ mph IMD TC Intensity Scale To make matters  more  confusing, we sometimes refer to hurricanes in the Atlantic as cyclones too - thats because, in a broad sense of the word, they are. In weather, any storm that has a closed circular and counterclockwise motion can be called a cyclone. By this definition, hurricanes, mesocyclone thunderstorms, tornadoes, and even extratropical cyclones (weather fronts) are all technically cyclones!

Compare and contrast management interviews Essay

Compare and contrast management interviews - Essay Example Many of us conducted this management interview with managers from different company departments. This paper therefore compares and contrasts the responses that were given by these managers. Different questionnaires reported different management day-to-day duties. Whereas managers carry the same title, their daily job roles are significantly diversified. The roles span from employee supervision, sales management, overseeing production, as well as general office management. Some managers are required to deliver short-term results whereas others are evaluated annually. The interviews also point to the different management levels by different managers. Seemingly, management levels determine the kind of daily tasks performed by the managers. Some of the highlighted goals include meeting daily sales margins, product delivery targets, meeting production line efficiencies. Others set weekly goals where one manager aims to keep everything in order by making sure errors stay to the minimum. Another one sets a monthly goal of managing real-estate by controlling and managing rent expenses on building company leases. However, daily, weekly and monthly targets pile up accumulatively to become annual targets for the organization. The interviews showed that different managers have different goal achieving strategies. For instance, there is a manager who has a strategy of doing paperwork in the morning, another has a strategy of ensuring the employees are properly trained and they are also cross-trained, another one writes down the goals and objectives and gives them to individual employees, and another one ensures customer gets satisfied. One manager pointed to giving incentives to well performing employees as a way of pushing individual employees to meet goals and targets. Yet, others went to an extent of outsourcing challenging tasks to other vendors in

Disparity and Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Disparity and Discrimination - Essay Example Disparity means the â€Å"difference between the ratios of a cognizable group in one population when compared to the ratio of that same group in another population† (Commission on Racial and Ethnic Disparity in the Criminal Justice System, 2004, p. 6). This means that if for example, 15% of women in the USA are arrested, but that 40% of the women arrested are from one racial or ethnic group, disparity is evident. The one racial group (the 40%) is therefore overrepresented, and the other racial groups may be underrepresented. Disparity, however, does not always mean that discrimination is taking place. Discrimination occurs when disparate treatment – when one group is being treated differently from others for â€Å"invalid reasons such as gender, racial and/or ethnic status† (Commission on Racial and Ethnic Disparity in the Criminal Justice System, 2004, p. 6). When disparity is caused by discrimination in the Criminal Justice System, it is of great concern, as the Constitution of the United States of America is contradicted. Therefore, if people from minority groups are more likely to be arrested, or to appear in court, or imprisoned, discrimination is clear, and the situation has to be addressed. Both disparity and discrimination remain characteristics of the Criminal Justice System in the USA, even though the law is meant to prevent especially discrimination. This is true of all levels of the Criminal Justice System: law enforcement, court procedures, and in correction populations. The ratio of African-Americans, Latinos and Native Americans found in every stage of the Criminal Justice System is higher than the ratio of any other ethnic or racial group in the USA (Johnson & Widder Heilman, 2001, website). While it is clear that the proportion of particular race groups does differ from area to area, which would explain the disparity of arrests, it is also clear that nationally,

The Great Depression Essay Example for Free

The Great Depression Essay A large amount of literature including research and text books, exist on the subject of the Great Depression. It is considered by many economists as the worst economic crisis in American History. Statistics suggest that from the business cycle peak in 1929 to the trough in 1933, the real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contracted by 39%. From 1929 to 1933, the unemployment rate rose from 3. 2% to 25% any may who had jobs were only able to work part-time. By 1933, 50% of American banks had failed. From 1929 to 1933, the consumer price index (CPI) fell by -25%. The Dow Jones industrial average fell -89. 2% between September 1929 and March 1933. Net investment was negative from 1931 to 1935 and the economy experienced a sharp decline in aggregate real income, then there were massive defaults and bankruptcies by business and households (Bernanke. S, 2004, White, 2009). But what caused the great depression? Or rather, why did the recession of 1929 turn into a depression? Calomiris (1983) remarks there is still very little consensus amongst economist on this question. Before Maynard Keynes (1936) General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, economist relied on the Classical approach both to manage and explain the Great Depression. However, the classical theory could not explain a lot of the data at the time; for instance, it could not explain the protracted unemployment (Keynes, 1936). This signified the need for a new theory of macroeconomics. Such a theory was provided by Keynes. The essence of Keynes theory is contained in the simple aggregate demand model. Keynes identified the collapse of the growth in the 1920s as part of the problem. In his opinion, the collapse of growth led to a reduction in investment opportunities and a downward shift in investment demand. The unprecedented levels of unemployment could also be explained by the collapse of aggregate spending. Keynes along with Irvin Fischer (1933) also identified the financial markets as important sources and propagators of economic decline during the Great Depression (Calomoris, 1983). However, the exact nature of this connection is still a hot topic of debate, and this is where much of the literature on the great depression can be found. According to Keynes theory of aggregate demand, monetary policy had no causal role in the Great Depression (Mishkin, 2007). Mishkin (2007 p 588) argues that this assumption was based on three pieces of evidence. He states that during the Great Depression; interest rates on U. S treasury securities were extremely low (Below 1%). To the early Keynesians, the low nominal interest rate meant that the monetary policy was easy – expansionary (Hamilton, 1987). The second assumption was underpinned by the lack of empirical evidence on the co-movement between nominal interest rates and investments spending. While the third assumption was based on the fact that surveys by macroeconomists carried on businessmen indicated that their decision to invest was not influenced by market interest rates (Mishkin, 2007). In 1963, Friedman and Schwartz published the Monetary History of the United States in which they outlined a theory implicating money supply as the major cause of the Great Depression. In their opinion, what transformed the recession of 1929 into a depression were the imprudent policies by the Federal Reserve, which led to the stock market crash; and to the waves of banking failures which reduced the money multiplier and the money stock (Bernanke, 1983a; Friedman and Swartz, 1963). The figure 1 below shows the close correlation between GDP and the money stock. Friedman and Swartz countered the Keynesians argument that interest rates on U. S. treasury securities and high grade corporate bonds were low was countered by the observation that interest rates on lower grade bonds rose radically during the peak of contraction (between 1930-1933) this indicated that monetary policy was tight (Mishkin, 2007). The second reason why the Keynesian assumptions were regarded as misleading on the question of the tightness of the monetary policy during the depression was that; in a period of deflation; the important interest-rate transmission mechanism is through the real interest rate and not the nominal interest rate, hence low nominal interest rates do not necessarily mean that cost of borrowing is low and that monetary policy is easy since public expectation of a reduction in price levels can increase real interest rates (Hiuzinga, 1986; Summers, 1984). A good example of how the real-nominal interest rate relationship affected the U. S. economy during the Great Depression was seen in the housing sector. Wheelock reports that even though the nominal value of mortgage dept peaked in 1930, deflation caused a rise in the real value of outstanding mortgage dept up to 1832. Thus the outstanding mortgage dept burden increased sharply during the contraction phase of the depression (Wheelock, 2008). Researchers also criticized the use of Structural Model evidence by Keynesians. Mishkin (2007) argues that the quality of this type of evidence is dictated by the goodness of the model used. Friedman and Swartz narrative on the Great depression was that the original trigger of the Great Depression was the, 1928, Federal Reserve attempt to contain inflated share prices at Wall Street which they attributed to speculative activity. To accomplish this, they raised the policy interest rate. This depressed interest-sensitive spending in areas such as construction and Motor industry. This in turn induced a drop in production and investments, which led to reduced hiring of workers by companies. The tightening of the monetary policy through the recession which begun in August 1929 precipitated the October 1929, stock market crash (Hamilton, 1987, Bernanke, 2002b). The stock market crash eroded the nation’s accumulated savings, leading to a reduction in aggregate demand. From 1930, the contracting economy triggered successive waves of widespread banking panics (Calomiris etal, 2003; Hamilton, 1987; Chandler, 1970). Bank failures and hoarding of cash increased both the currency deposit ratio and the reserve – deposit hence a decline in money stock; this added to the deflationary pressures (Bernanke, 2007b; White, 1984). They asserted that â€Å"failure by the Fed to reverse the decline in money stock with open market operations and loans to banks through discount windows added further pressure to the economy (Friedman, 1963). † According to them, the 1937 -1938 recession was triggered by the Fed’s attempt to stimulate lending by doubling of the required reserve – ratio, this had the opposite effect. Mishkin (2007) writes that the importance of this theory to most economists is that it opened a whole new connection between the financial sector and the macroeconomy. Another important contribution was that it suggested new research agenda; Calomiris (1993) summarized them thus: 1) Can the reduction in money stocks from 1930 to 1933 explain the bank failures or did they have a separate origin? 2) Was the demand for money stable given the low nominal short term interests rates in the 1930s or was there a liquidity trap 3) Could nominal price and wage rigidity offer an adequate explanation for the persistent stagnation during the 1930s? 4) Were policy failures by the Fed actions acts of omission or commission or did they represent the application of the old classical theories to new circumstances? 5) Were open market operations by the Fed, unaccompanied by reforms in the monetary and bank regulations, sufficient in reversing the 1930-1933 stagnation? Following the publication of the Monetary History, economist focused either on confirming Friedman and Swartz assertions or in researching the implications of their findings. For two decades, the focus was mainly on the first three questions. Unfortunately, economists restricted there inquiries within the framework of the sticky-price, IS-LM paradigm. This approach severely limited the search for alternative transmission mechanisms between financial markets and the macroeconomy (Bernanke, 1983). Support for the Monetarist theory has come from formal statistical tests which examined the correlations between money and aggregate spending (Mishkin, 2007) a number of researchers found that there was no liquidity trap during the 30s; therefore, money supply shocks could have had an important effect on aggregate output (Meltzer, 1963; Temin, 1989). Field argued that the pre-depression stock market boom increased money demand and that this was not offset by corresponding increase in money supply. This resulted in increases in the interest rates and in deflation (Field, 1984). Evidence corroborating Friedman-Swartz illiquidity hypothesis as the trigger of the bank failures came from data on bank suspensions aggregated at national or regional level, this data show a correlation between bank failures and turning points in indices of industrial production, the money supply, the money multiplier, interest rate, and deflation rate (Friedman, 1963; Wicker, 1980). According to White (1984, p 138), the first bank failures in the 1930 were not unique; rather, it was a continuation of the banking failures of the 1920s. Recently studies by Calomiris and Joseph (2003) have revealed a strong correlations between the characteristics of banks, the economic environment in which they operated and their chances of survival. The thesis that banks failures were not panic induced, but were a continuation of the bank failures of the 1920s, which were linked to bank overbuilding suggested a lesser role of bank failures as a transmission mechanism. Other critics â€Å"advocated additional exogenous expenditure shocks to explain the cause of the depression noting that the real money stock had not contracted during the early stages of the depression (Temin,1976; Bernanke,1983 ). † At the same time, some scholars argued that the reduction in money stocks during the initial stages of the depression was not large enough to trigger the depression (Meltzer, 2003) In short, economists realized that money shocks alone could not have transformed the recession into a depression. Thus, additional link were needed between the financial markets and the macroeconomy. Bernanke captured it this way in his 1983 research paper: â€Å"One problem is that there is no theory of monetary effect {per se} on the real economy that can explain protracted non neutrality. Another is that the reduction of money supply in the period seems quantitatively insufficient to explain the subsequent fall in output (Bernanke, 1983, p257)† The new paradigm shift came with the application of theoretical models of credit allocation under asymmetric information in imperfect markets to the Great Depression. Mishkin was the first to apply this model in his study of the impact of changes in household balance sheet and consumer spending during the Great Depression (Mishkin, 1978). He argued that â€Å"in the 1930s, the depressive effect of aggregate wealth reduction on consumption was compounded by the dept deflation which in turn reduced aggregate consumption demand. Using empirical evidence, Bernanke research suggests that the efficiency of credit allocation was reduced under imperfect market conditions of the 1930s and that aggregate demand was reduced by the resulting higher cost and reduced availability of credit (Bernanke, 1983). This process, in his opinion, can account for he protracted length of the great depression. Taken together, this new paradigm was not a rejection of Friedman and Swartz thesis, it merely showed that the monetary shock and other events in the early phase of the Depression prolonged the Depression through there effect on the institutional structure of the credit markets and the balance sheet of borrowers (White, 1984; Romer,1989). In short, macroeconomists have concluded that the tendency of banks to respond to deposit outflows and increased risk of loan defaults by freezing credit can aggravate recessions, magnifying declines in investment, production and asset prices (Calomiris, 2008) The focus on deflation and financial collapse throughout the world also suggested ways through which the depression was channeled to other countries. Currently, economists agree that the gold standard played an important role in transmitting the economic decline in America to the rest of the world (Campa, 1990; Bernanke, 2002b) under the gold standard; trade imbalances gave rise to international gold flows. In his analysis of international transmission of the American Depression, Kindleberger reasoned that that the stock market collapse and deflationary shocks triggered a liquidity squeeze, a reduction in bank lending and the international financial collapse of the 1930s i. e. the lack of access to credit forced less-developed countries to use up their gold and foreign exchange reserves; this forced them to sell old quantities of primary products at reduced prices (Kindleberger, 1973). He also noted that the depression was more protracted in countries which stuck to the gold standard The countries that abandoned gold pursued independent monetary policy and were able to rebound faster. International studies correlating adherence to the gold standard, deflation and continued economic decline have confirmed this argument (Bernanke and James, 1991; Eichengreen, 1992). Economists also believe that the enactment of The Smoot-Hawley Tariff which was supposed to protect American Farmers triggered a counterproductive wave of protectionist measures around the world, which worsened the depression (Draghi, 2009; Hamilton, 1987, Meltzer, 1963) Although most of these debates occurred after the Great Depression, scholars now agree that both inept fiscal and monetary policies transformed a normal business cycle into a depression. Since monetary contraction was part of the problem during the Depression. Currency devaluation and monetary expansions had to play a leading role in the recovery process. A number of commentators have shown that the American money supply increased by 42% between 1933 and 1937 and worldwide monetary expansion led to a lowering of interest rates and easy access to credit (Mishkin, 1991). Economists argue that since fiscal expansion can reduce expectation of deflation, they can reduce the cost of borrowing (Romer, 2009). Keynes theory that government spending, tax cuts, and monetary expansion are essential in countering recession can also be justified in light of historical evidence. Economists reason that the massive government spending, such as the New deal program {specifically Work Progress Administration (WPA) and Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)} reignited the economy (Calomiris and Mason 2003, Romer 1989, Temin 1989). In fact, the general consensus among scholars is that the economy â€Å"American economy began to recover with a new monetary expansion and spending in preparation for war (White, 2009b). † Concerning Banking sector reform, the view on the Bank Holiday is that it was a dramatic and effective remedy. The other reforms have also drawn support from Great Depression scholars (Blinder, 2008; Gapper, 2007; White, 2009b). These reforms saw the creation of a number of regulations and institutions, Banking Act of 1933 (commonly known as Glass Steagall Act) – the act prohibited commercial banks from underwriting of dealing in corporate securities. Insurance of bank deposits by FDIC was designed to prevent depression type bank runs. SEC regulated investment and Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) guaranteed Residential mortgage loans. Collectively, scholars now believe that these regulations insulated America’s banking system from the booms and busts of the financial markets (Russell, 2008). Bernanke (1983 p2) â€Å"argues that only with the rehabilitation of the financial system in 1933-35 did the economy begin its slow emergence from the Great Depression. † The 2007 Economic recession The economic literature on the current recession is still limited, however adequate amount of literature exist on the impact of the down turn on the U. S. economy. The Economic Report of the President Jan, 2009 gives a comprehensive coverage of how the recession started; where it started and what is to be done. A large amount of literature can also be found on the causes of the crisis. among others. In terms of impact, the reports from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) indicates that from Dec 2007 to May 2009, America has had 57 bank failures; the unemployment rate has increased to 8. 9%; the economy has declined by – 3. 3% from the second quarter 2008 – first quarter of 2009; from Sept 2008 to may 2009, the federal government has increased the money stock by 125% and over the same period the biggest fall in the Dow Jones industrial stands at -53. 8%. The outlook is equally dire; most analysts have predicted a recession that may last up to two years (Roubini, 2009) Moody’s Investors Services (MIS), while further job losses are also expected have predicted increased foreclosures, while further job losses are also expected. But the impact has not been limited to America. The International Monetary Funds (IMF) World Economic Outlook published in Jan 2009 painted a bleak picture of the world economy in general: They predict that the real global growth will be close to zero; in the same report, growth in advanced world economies was projected at -2%. In his report, presented to the V Symposium on International Trade (Feb 20, 2009) Cline reported that the economic crisis in America has triggered a highly synchronized global recession, which has seen a contraction in all economies (see the Graph below showing global growth over 3 decades (Cline, 2009). Figure, 3 Showing the Synchronization of Global Recession Taken together, commentators are unanimous that, in term of severity, this recession is still mild vis-a-vis The Great Depression. Shiller (2009) writes that a lot of the upheavals in the economy have not been seen since the Great Depression. He cites the stock market volatility, the bank failures, the housing bust, the breakdown in intermediation, and the near zero interest rate. Besides the statistical comparisons, the current debate and research effort is focused on how the how the crisis started. The proximate consensus is that: the mortgage security backed housing boom in America it to blame and that the origination and distributions of this paper assets is at the heart of the problem (Markus; 2008; Grotty, 2009; Bernanke, 2009; Gapper, 2009) at the same time, researchers maintain that the crisis in the banking sector, was not independent, but resulted from distortions and incentives created by past policy actions. Blundell-Wignall, etal (2009), in there paper presented at a Reserve bank of Australia conference, averred that the current financial crisis is caused by global macro policies affecting liquidity and by very poor regulatory frame work. More specifically, economists recognize that any theory of causality, must, among other things, explain how the housing boom started, describe the factors behind the explosion of the residential mortgage backed securities (RMBS), how the banking crisis was triggered and the policy distortions that made it possible (Tett, 2007; Rajan 2009; Grotty, 2009). The findings of a number of researchers who have studied the causes of the current financial crisis in America conclude that the policy distortions started with gradual undermining of the Glass Steagall Act, from the 1980s; and the rise of the neo-classical theory of free markets (which advocates markets deregulation) Shiller (2005, p 43) argues that business cycles in the financial markets would not have been a major problem had banks been kept off the asset markets. The same argument is advanced by Summers (2008) who asserts that the deregulations in the banking sector exposed the banks to the bubbles and bursts of asset markets. Wray (2009) traces the poor regulatory framework in the U. S to the New Financial Architecture (NFA) which he claims is represented by a globally networked system of giant bank conglomerates and shadow banking system of investment bank, hedge funds and bank created special investment vehicles (SIV). In short, most scholars agree that the Riegle-Neal interstate banking and Branching efficiency Act of 1994 and the repeal of Glass Steagall Act in 1999 through the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Act played a crucial role in laying the foundation which led to this crisis (Mishkin, 2009, p 268; Grotty, 2009). Atkinson, Wigall, and Lee (2009) have also concluded that the Basel II accord on international bank regulation also opened an arbitrage opportunity for banks which led to the acceleration of off-balance-sheet activities. In the same paper, they claim that SEC 2004 decision to allow investment banks to manage there own risk was a major policy blunder. Soros puts it this way. â€Å"Since 1980, regulations have been progressively relaxed until they have practically disappeared. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦authorities could no longer calculate their risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves (Soros 2008)† At the same time, scholars have concluded that the other root cause of the problem is traceable to the easy availability of credit. Diamond, etal (2009, p 615) argue that the policies affecting liquidity availed a lot of funds to the banks. The 1% federal interest rate, the % interest rate in Japan, the fixed exchange rate in china and large reserves of sovereign wealth funds are listed in his paper as sources of cheap credit which fueled the economic boom in America led to an inflation of prices around the world. The claims that interest rates were low are supported by statistics which indicates that real short term interest rates were negative from mid 2001 to mid 2005, given the modest values of inflation (Yellen, 2008) The low interest rates, in turn, ignited a housing boom. Fig, 3 shows the Case-Shiller house index from 2000-2008. According to Grauwe (2009), the doubling of US house prices from 2000-2006 was not underpinned by real changes in the U. S economy. In the same survey, he reports that between July 2006 and July 2007 the value of Dow Jones and the SP 500 rose by 30% while GDP increased only by 5%. Taken together, researchers have concluded that the collapse of the real estate market in 2006 was the origin of the crisis. The rising foreclosures turned the credit boom into a bust. however, economist have at the same time stated that the severity of the housing market bust has been compound by the weakness inherent in the financial system (Calomiris, 2008; Rajan; 2009; Bookstabber, 2007) namely; use of bank deposits for speculative activities- this operation was made possible though special investment vehicles (SIV) sometimes called shadow banking; new financial innovations – derivative products like Credit Defaults Swaps (CDS) and Collateral Dept Obligations (CDO): they have been described as complex and overly opaque; failure of rating agencies to properly calculate the risks embedded in this instrument; and failures by regulators and supervisors. Some have added that the formulas used to compute the level of risk in this instrument was questionable and that the development of riskier higher order CDOs tended to magnify the systemic risk (Volcker, 2008; Veneroso, 2007; Soros, 2007; Rajan 2009 b). Sorros (2008) argues that the new types of mortgage-backed securities central to the boom were too complex and opaque to be priced correctly. Grotty (2009 p 40) also argues that these instruments encouraged fraud since most investors did not even know what they were buying. That when the risk inherent in these products became apparent in 2007, investors pulled back from structured products in general, banks had to re-absorb the losses incurred by their off balance entities – SIV, straining there balance sheets in the process. Moral hazard problems and adverse selection worsened with time lending to a credit freeze which led to a slow down in economic activities around the world (Mishkin, 2007, Folkman etal, 2007; Dornbusch etal, 2000) Concerning solutions, most policy makers agree that to reverse the recession, there is need for closely coordinated intervention at global level and that efforts must focus simultaneously on fiscal, monetary and financial stability policies. The underlying assumption is that restoring confidence in the prospects for employment and income and returning to balanced growth are the only way out of the recession (Draghi, 2009). Strong expansionary fiscal policies, with measures to support demand and safeguard banking and financial system have been instituted throughout the western world. The $ 800 billion dollar stimulus plans in America has been seen as bold policy initiative, although many economist are worried about its repercussion on the national dept. The proponents of this plan see it as the best way to either create jobs or prevent job losses (Romer, 2009). At the same time, most central banks around the world have rapidly lowered there interest rates. Draghi (2009) argues that in the initial stages of a crisis, rapid disinflation should not be allowed to turn into a deflation. To keep the banks afloat, central banks have injected large quantities of money into the system; in some instances, they have bought corporate dept to keep financial institution afloat. Russell (2009) notes that reactivating financial intermediation is also essential since capital requirements cannot be satisfied by the state alone. To achieve this goal, economists agree on three basics steps. The need to guarantee liabilities to stop bank runs; taking the banks through a stress test to identify the banks with solvency problems and ring-fencing the problematic securities or transferring them to separate entities such as bad banks followed by recapitalization (Wheelock, 2009; White, 2009, Draghi, 2009) are possible ways of unfreezing bank lending. At the same time, economists agree that a solution to the housing crisis is necessary. Lastly economists have pointed out that there is a need to reform securitization, credit rating agencies, poor risk modeling and underwriting standards, as well as corporate governance lapses (Krugnall etal, 2008). Some economist has also concluded that massive failure in corporate governance in some companies reflects poor incentive structures for decision, thus bank reforms should be extended to corporate remuneration practices (White, 2009; Blinder, 2008, Crotty, 2009) Reference Bekaert, G, Harvey, C. R. , 2005, â€Å"Market Integration and Contagion,† Journal of Business, Vol. 78, (No. 1), pp. 39–96. Bernanke, B. S. , 1983. Nonmonetary effects of the financial crisis in the propagation of the great depression. American Economic Review 73, 257–276. Bernanke, Ben (2002). On Milton Friedmans Ninetieth Birthday, at the Conference to Honor Milton Friedman, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, November 8. www. federalreserve. gov. (accessed on May, 10, 2009) Blinder, Alan, 2008. What Created This Monster? , New York Times, 23. Bookstabber, R. , 2007. The next financial crisis starts here, Financial Times, August 23. Calomiris, W. C. , Mason, J. R. , 2003. Fundamentals, panics, and bank distress during the depression. American Economic Review 93 (5), 1615–1646. Calomiris, C. W. , Financial Factors in the Great Depression. The Journal of Economics Perspectives, Vol 7 (2) pp 61-85.

Why is Pilgrimage an Important aspect of the Hindu Religion ? :: essays papers

Why is Pilgrimage an Important aspect of the Hindu Religion ? The following essay addresses that of the Hindu pilgrimage as to why pilgrimage is an important aspect of Hindu religion? Firstly, the essay focusses on points which support pilgrimage as a fundamental and key aspect of the Hindu community. Secondly, a perspective denying pilgrimages have any significant role for Hindu and their religion is discussed. It does seem though, to me, that without the aspect of pilgrimage, the Hindu religion would still function quite noramally because although the pilgrimage sites give darsan, they do not seem to be able to assist people with their day to day problems, whereas holy men do. First though we need to know exactly what darsan means to Hindus. Darsan means seeing in Hindu religion and when people go to a temple, they say they do not go to worship but rather for darsan - they go to see the image of the deity. The pinacle act of Hindu worship, is to stand in the presence of the deity and to look upon the image with their eyes, so as to see and be seen by the deity. The deity is believed to actually be within the image, and beholding the deity image is a form of worship where through the eyes one gains blessings. A pilgrimage is a religious journey; people undertake pilgrimages so they can worship at special places which are connected to their religion. Journeying to holy places of pilgrimage are generally carried out as acts of faith and devotion in accummulating religious merit or to atone for sins. Pilgrimages are also regarded by Hindus as a religious duty from which darsan can be attained. There are thousands of pilgrimage sites - tirthas (sacred, fords or crossings) in India, where many places of pilgrimage are renowned for their divine images. And it is the darsan of these divine images that are sought , because the darsan is believed by Hindus to be far greater and significant than that which can be granted and given by holy men i.e. sadhus. It entails then, that holy places of pilgrimages are an extension of additional darsan, of which can be given and received by travelling on a pilgrimage. For example, pilgrims go to the sacred hill of Tirupati for the darsan of Sri Venkatesvara, an ancient icon believed to be a form of Visnu. According to legend, the Lord came to bless a particular devotee who was faithful in his duties towards his parents. The devotee took no time

Communication and Society

Can ideas from the past be useful in our modern day problems? The answer is yes, because people do not want to repeat the mistakes their ancestors made in the past. But some of the mistakes may be repeated due to it being inevitable. After World War II, the press was free to criticize whomever they want, and it appeared to the world that our press was irresponsible. And when Marcos became the president, he did not want the Media to overpower him, He was the president and he thought that having been seated in the top most position he should have absolute power, he couldn’t have the media scrutinizing him for every move he makes. Our grandparents and parents use to say that Marcos reign was the prime era of the Philippines because of the good deeds he has done for the country, but little did they know that his good image is due to the fact that Marcos has a leash on the mass media to prevent news of his somewhat malicious intentions on killing journalist who publish bad news about him. Media is a politician’s biggest opponent. The use of Media might have supported the government/politicians on campaigns but when fooled or did not kept their promise, The media has the power to ruin you in an indirect manner. When a government is hiding something, it will not last long for it to come out. As technology advances, being in a progressing country, truth be told, we always get left behind when it comes to new things. We have learned to make movies from the Western World, but in the present day, why couldn’t we make movies as good as them? Why can we only make films with so little special effects? Is it because we still lack the technology to do so? The problem is with us, Filipinos already made some animation films, but due to not having met the standards of American animations, we tend to ignore it. If we have supported our own, animation might have progressed in the world of Filipino film. Why is the trend in movies nowadays having an extramarital affair with another woman? Because it reflects the society, it shows the realism about the lives of ordinary citizen in a more glamorous and sophisticated manner, and we Filipinos love that, since many of us have lives that are routine and unexciting, we spice things up a bit by imagining life through celebrities, since they have the money, the status and influence we wish we had. Why don’t we Filipinos get tired of watching the same old stereotyped characters in melodramas? Why don’t we try themes that are based on sex, crime and drugs on television shows? The protagonist always win and the antagonist is always the loser. Why can’t the antagonist win in the end, instead of dying or be imprisoned? Since most of us are all Catholics, The Filipinos are not ready to take on new themes that would contradict the belief of the Church, that evil will finally defeat the good. That is the very reason why we are trapped in a never-ending cycle of protagonist vs. ntagonist themes. We sometimes think if the news that had been reported on the television or the newspaper is really news worthy? Much likely the â€Å"Amalayer† issue, should it have stayed on youtube instead? The problem with people today is the lack of common sense. An issue concerning the â€Å"Amalayer† situation, wherein a student confronted a lady guard who was working i n a train station and that the guard was accusing her of lying. The woman was identified as a student of a known school in Manila. This was videotaped by a passenger and was uploaded in the internet, this issue became a trend in Social Networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter. Common sense would tell most of us that causing a commotion in public would easily destroy not only our reputation, but have lessen our dignity as well. Basically the role of the mass media is to inform the people and comment about the issues regarding the society, but this issue doesn’t concern us at all, it is just a dispute between a student and an employee. Will we benefit something from watching this? It was basically posted in the internet so that other people could criticize and pass judgement on the girl to how she was treating the lady guard. In our modern society, the Philippine Media clearly reflects the society, since us Filipinos are easily influenced, an example is the Korean wave in 2009, bright and colourful outfits, hairstyles that I couldn’t even describe, eating Kimchi and most of us even studied the Korean language. The television was bombarded with Korean dramas. It is not only the Korean wave but the whole purpose of the media is to influence the society, we tend to imitate what we see in television. People go to a plastic surgeon, so they can look like their favourite celebrity, some would even go to the extent of having two of their ribs remove just to have a waistline they see on supermodels walking down the catwalk. These are the circumstances that will test a person’s ethical behaviour, from what they perceive on national television, if what they will acquire is good or bad, moral or immoral, appropriate or inappropriate. Ethics not only promotes a better individual but a better society.

Sensation and Perception Article Review

In this study, researchers examined the effects of exposure to mercury and lead on children’s attention. From this study, researchers found that children exposed to higher levels of mercury or lead are three to five times more likely to be identified as having problems associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. This study originated in a group of Inuit children in Quebec who were found to have a high rate of ADHD due to their exposure to mercury in their mother’s womb. These levels of mercury were likely caused by the consumption of seafood meat.Besides the link between mercury and ADHD, children with low levels of lead also were found to be more likely diagnosed with having an attention deficit. Children exposed to lead also were associated with behavioral problems in school. These findings could help teachers and parents identify the cause of their child(s) attention deficit, and more importantly, help prevent their exposure to mercury and lead at an ea rly age. Knowing that mercury exposure is caused from the consumption of whale meats in arctic regions could open awareness to those living in those areas, and reduce the amount of consumption of those particular foods.To further the development of this study, it would be beneficial for researchers to examine a wider range of children across the world, and even increase the age range. Another question researchers could consider would be whether or not teens and adolescents who were exposed to mercury or lead as a child, but maintained the level, were still just as likely to show the same attention deficit results. Although this study examined the effects of lead and mercury in two groups (U. S. children and the Inuit children), to strengthen this study, it would have been more valuable and applicable had the researchers compared different regions.By looking at the effects across multiple regions or areas, the results could have been compared to see if specific areas had higher level s resulting in more children with ADHD. For example, the article discussed the Inuit children from arctic Quebec having higher exposure to mercury, and therefore, more children affected by attention deficits; so would there possibly be differences between say the east coast and the west coast? Or Alaska compared to Texas? This article intrigued me because it broadened my understanding of the causes of ADHD, and the consequences of mercury and lead exposure.

E commerce essays

E commerce essays Remember the time when there was no Internet? Where advances in telecommunications and computing largely occurred side-by-side in the past, today, they converge in the Internet. Timesharing, the concept of linking a large numbers of users to a single computer via remote terminals, was developed at MIT in the late 50s and early 60s. In 1973, Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf developed the basic ideas of the Internet. Now days almost everybody is connected to Internet. WORLD INTERNET CONNECTIVITY (As of 6/15/95) (pbs.org/nerds/timeline/network.html) There is another thing that Internet brought us at affordable price: it is electronic commerce (e-commerce). There is no specific definition for what is e-commerce everybody interprets it differently. Some view it as selling products and services on the net others more educated people see it as any networked enabled business practice such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), the World Wide Web, or email. Before the Internet small businesses were restricted on electronic communications because of high cost on installation and maintenance of networks. Business communications were performed by fax or telephone. Although, the Internet gave the ability for small businesses to become automated, which is advantageous for them, it also brought some costs and disadvantages, and it is facing bigger obstacles that will decide the future of electronic-commerce like government regulations. There are four functions of e-commerce: communication, process improvement, service management, and transaction capabilities. The perfect example form communication function is email. It delivers information or documents to facilitate business transactions. The process improvement function covers the automation and improvement of business processes. A good example of this would be networking two computers together so they could share and transfer data rathe...

Thesis vs. Dissertation. How to Tell One From The Other

Thesis vs. Dissertation. How to Tell One From The Other If youve considered grad school- or simply know someone who has an advanced degree- youve likely heard about theses and dissertations. Both are long research papers that a student submits at the conclusion of his or her studies. Such papers are required in order to earn an advanced degree. But whats the difference between the two? Are the terms interchangeable? Heres the low-down. Are Theses and Dissertations the Same? According to thesaurus.com, thesis and dissertation are synonyms. Either word can be used to refer to a written discourse. Discourse is just a fancy word for a formal discussion (written or oral). Technically, the paper you write during your senior seminar as an undergrad is also a discourse. However, for clarity, people have come to use specific words to refer to papers at each level of education. An undergraduate usually writes a research paper for the senior project. A masters candidate writes a thesis. A doctoral candidate writes a dissertation. An easy way to keep the two graduate papers straight is to remember that both doctorate and dissertation start with a d. The goal of such papers, regardless of your academic level, is to assess what youve learned over the course of your school career. The paper begins with an idea that you have about something in your field. You would then do research on this subject so that you can find supporting literature or otherwise prove your idea. Along the way, your adviser will help you plan your research and guide you through any hurdles you encounter as you work on the paper. Ultimately, youll be judged on your ability to conduct research, your general knowledge of the subject matter, and your writing skills. The Differences Between Theses and Dissertations So are both papers exactly the same? Not really. Or, more accurately, not necessarily. The guidelines for a research paper vary from one educational institution to the next. Because a masters degree is one step below a doctorate, most schools have less stringent guidelines for the thesis, as you might expect. But a thesis at one university might be quite different from the thesis at another. All schools have their own standards and length requirements. Moreover, the requirements for a paper in one discipline of study can be quite different from those for another discipline. For example, an M.S. student may be required to perform some type of experiment or conduct a study that requires human participation, whereas this would be unusual for an M.A. in English or history. What Is a Thesis? In a thesis writing, your basic task is to analyze the previous works of established thinkers in your field. For example, if youre studying psychology, you may posit that an absent or inattentive father has a serious impact on his female children in terms of their ability to form healthy romantic relationships. You would then find existing literature that proves your hypothesis. Once you have finished drafting the paper, you will submit it to your adviser for a preliminary review. After youve made the suggested revisions, you will submit the new draft to a department head or director, who will approve or reject the paper. Keep in mind that most masters candidates who have followed the guidelines and worked diligently are not rejected. Approval is necessary for the awarding of the final degree. Dissertations Defined A dissertation asks a bit more of the student. Instead of focusing on the works of others to back up your idea, you will be presenting your own original ideas. Dissertation writing is more like an expert (you) writing a book. A committee will review your work, and then you will be appointed a time to defend your idea before them. The members of the committee will ask you in-depth questions about what youve written and how you developed your ideas. The panel may request revisions to the dissertation, after which you would go through another defense. Once the paper is approved, you will be qualified to earn your doctorate degree. Heres a simplified way of illustrating the difference between a masters thesis and a doctoral dissertation: A masters candidate could theoretically make his or her case by using the dissertation of another. Now that you know more about theses and dissertations, you can feel more confident about your applications to grad school, knowing what will be expected of you.

Human Resource Management Portfolio Research Paper

Human Resource Management Portfolio - Research Paper Example A job analysis based on background study facilitated development of job description. A study of the company’s strategies facilitated job analysis. The company’s strategy map proved to be the most essential part of this exercise. In addition, differing views from literature added greater knowledge and reasoning to the process of creation of a job description. The end result emerged as a detailed job description that highlights all key responsibility areas and essential skills required for the role. Based on these details, qualifications and experience needed for the role are identified. Overall, this effort has shed much light on the significance of human resources in organizational sustenance and growth; this process clarified the strategic link between job analysis, performance management and organizational sustenance. Table of Contents Content Page Section 1. Introduction 5 1.1. Job in context: Store manager at Tesco 5 1.2. Strategic position of Store manager at Tesco 5 Section 2. Job analysis 6 2.1. Job analysis for Store manager at Tesco 6 2.2 Job analysis method: Review of background records 7 2.3. Job analysis and organizational sustenance 11 Section 3. ... Link between Job Analysis and other management functions 11 Figure 4. Job Characteristics Model 12 Figure 5. Selection process at Tesco 16 Figure 6. Link between JD and performance management 17 List of Appendices Appendix 1: Job description for Store Manager, Tesco 21 Appendix 2: Job Advert – Store Manager, Tesco 23 List of Abbreviations HRM: Human resources management HR: Human resources JD: Job description Section 1. Introduction 1.1. Job in context: Store manager at Tesco. This discussion builds a portfolio for the manager’s position in a retail supermarket. The concerned workplace is the renowned supermarket Tesco, which is one of the top 3 supermarkets in the world. Tesco is about a hundred year-old multi-dimensional business that originated in the United Kingdom as a small retail shop. Tesco has its presence in more than 10 countries and employs about half a million people across the globe. Moreover, Tesco’s growth is not limited to retail groceriesâ€℠¢ sector but has invaded numerous other business areas such as investment, information technology, communications, petrochemical products, food, clothing, consumer electronics, telecommunications etc (McLoughlin & Aaker, 2010). With such vast business, Tesco operates based on systematic and planned strategy throughout the world. Its strategies invade every aspect of its widely diverse business operations including finance, production, service, retail, learning, customer service, and logistics. This report specifically evaluates the role of a team manager in the retail sector of Tesco, which is planning to open its new branch in Vietnam. This role is mainly responsible for store operations on a day-to-day basis along with management of a team of store representatives and their supervisors. 1.2.